Here is a more complex abstract from a student of Newport Public Schools, USA. You do not need to understand the technical terms in detail. Analyse the text sentence by sentence to identify these elements: Purpose Methods Results Conclusions There might be two elements within one paragraph. d Effects of Marine Exhaust Water on Algae This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae. The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of “synthetic” exhaust water, which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance. Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or “batch” bioassay technique. Scenedesmus qaudricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms. Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration – 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust water, for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle technique. Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flowthrough system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor. Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water. The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated. Explore listening: BEST You are going to listen to an interview about BEST, an EU institution that was set up to create and support enterprise culture in Europe. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) with the sentence endings (A–K). There are two extra sentence endings that you should not use. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. Listening 28 48 3y29wh 0 The function of BEST is . 1 European experts unanimously predict . 2 New companies are indispensable for . 3 By far the majority of businesses in the EU . 4 Authorities are required . 5 The government can make foundation and expansion easier through . 6 It is not the wages but the non-wage costs which . 7 The US business climate is more forgiving . 8 In Europe businesses themselves could embrace innovative measures . D Choose one text from the unit, e.g. 14b How companies name new products (p. 136) or 21b Will air-powered cars ever become a reality? (p. 139) and read it again focusing on writing an abstract. Note the key message(s) of each paragraph. Write your abstract. Write 100–150 words. 27 a b c 142 Language skills Extras Explore 10 From design to brands Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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