160 Unit 10 | Iceberg and outback Expand your vocabulary: Aspects of culture Look at the box below and discuss with a partner what these aspects of culture could mean. Illustrate your explanations with examples. Example: Competition vs. cooperation: Are children more likely to be encouraged to work with their classmates or to do better than their classmates? Attitudes towards elders: The way you respect older people or take care of them. LANGUAGE 7 a a attitudes towards elders b competition vs. cooperation c concepts of beauty d traditional food e expressions of emotion f gender norms g ideals of family life h importance of sports i marriage rituals j methods of conflict resolution k non-verbal communication l principles of justice Decide which of these aspects of culture are immediately noticeable (i.e. you can see, feel, hear, taste, smell or touch them), and which are less obvious or not recognisable at once. Example: You can observe art or watch celebrations, but it might take some time to truly understand the attitudes towards elders in a family from a culture that is different from your own. In his ‘Iceberg Model of Culture’, Edward T. Hall2 suggests that, just like an iceberg, culture consists of both visible and invisible parts. The visible or apparent aspects of culture represent only the tip of the iceberg (10%). The aspects that truly define culture, which are unseen, lie beneath the surface (about 90%). Write the expressions from above into the picture below. Compare your ideas with a partner. b SPEAKING 8 a Together with a partner, think of more examples of aspects of culture that could be added to the lower part of the iceberg. b 2 Edward T. Hall: Beyond Culture, 1976 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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