27 Spot on form: Present perfect and past tense Read the six statements below and write PT (past tense) or PPT (present perfect tense) next to them to indicate which tense is needed. 1 We use this tense when we know exactly when something happened in the past. This can refer to a single event, a habit or a whole series of events. 2 When telling stories, we use this tense to describe the main events. 3 This tense is used when an action or state is unfinished and continues up until the moment we speak or write about it. 4 We use this tense when a past action is closely connected to the present and we think about both the past and the present together at the moment we speak or write about it. In this case, we often do not know exactly when the action happened. 5 This tense is used when we talk about how often something has happened up to now, especially when we expect it to keep happening in the future. 6 When discussing somebody’s past experiences that have led to them getting better at something or understanding something better now, we use this tense. It does not matter and is often not mentioned when these experiences took place. Now match the examples below to the six explanations in 13a. a They cleared out the kitchen cupboards and then they brought the bottles to the recycling station. b They’ve finally built a new playground, so the children can play outside again. c I’ve answered three flat-mate ads today. d They have lived in a multigenerational home for many years. It seems to work for them. e When I was a child, I lived in a low-income neighbourhood. f He didn’t move to the country because he prefers the city. g She has visited Beira before, so she knows a lot about the Grand Hotel and the people there. h One day, when Sarah was building her first eco-village in Kenya, she was invited to have dinner with the mayor of the village. When she got to his house, she realised … i Rahat has worked as a photojournalist for many years, and she’s not thinking of retiring yet. Complete this short text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. LANGUAGE 13 a b 14 1 to sink a well: to dig a hole in the ground for drinking water Living (1) (not be) always as comfortable in the past as it is now. Throughout history, living conditions (2) (often, be) difficult, dirty and unhygienic. Many people (3) (die) young from disease, and oftentimes, sewage (4) (see, passive!) running through the streets. We know all of this from accounts that (5) (write, passive!) at the time. For example, clean drinking water (6) (be) hard to come by in 19th-century London, as this report states: “In recent years, wells (7) (sink, passive!)1 in some places, but they (8) (become) useless due to organic matter that (9) (soak) into them.” It’s hard to imagine today that for hundreds of years, people (10) (sleep), (11) (eat) and (12) (work) in these conditions. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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