Ó g7xu9s Changes Read Article 23 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and talk about these questions. 1 Why do you think the right to work is considered a human right? 2 Do you think most people even want to work? What do they get out of work? 3 How are they affected if they don’t have any work? Reading 1 You’re going to read an article about changes in the world of work. Find answers to the following questions. 1 What does the term ‘job shift’ mean? What can cause job shifts? 2 Why do you think some ‘captains of industry’ were also known as ‘robber barons’? 2 Changes in the world of work: global economic restructuring In the pre-industrial age, work mainly meant physical work; people worked with their hands and most of them in the primary sector, i.e. in agriculture. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, the nature of work began to change. Jobs shifted from the primary to the secondary sector – mainly manufacturing – as raw materials were turned into goods and people from the countryside flocked into the rapidly growing towns, looking for employment in factories, mills, mines and workshops. The Second Industrial Revolution, also called the ‘technological revolution,’ was built on new technologies, such as electricity, steel making and hitherto unknown chemicals. New communication technologies, like the telephone, and improved transport through the railway enabled mass production and mass distribution. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the industrial age was in full swing with industrial workers performing menial, often physically debilitating and repetitive tasks along assembly lines or in steel factories, while the ‘captains of industry’ – people like Rockefeller and Carnegie – were amassing enormous personal fortunes. In most industries, workdays averaged ten hours and the working week more than sixty. Industrial 74 6 Unit Work, work, work talk about things you’re good at describe and evaluate skills report what people say write a letter of application Goals assess the importance of work analyse changes in the world of work write an article write a blog post and a blog comment Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eig ntum des Verlags öbv
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